SF 3661
1st Engrossment - 94th Legislature (2025 - 2026)
Posted on 03/19/2026 09:05 a.m.
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A bill for an act
relating to public safety; prohibiting the sale and possession of ghost guns; limiting
the printing of firearms by three-dimensional printers to federally licensed firearms
manufacturers; prohibiting distribution of three-dimensional printer firearm design
files; requiring serial numbers on firearms; requiring the commissioner of public
safety to issue a public notice; providing limits on assembling firearms without a
federal firearms license; proposing coding for new law in Minnesota Statutes,
chapter 624; repealing Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 609.667.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF MINNESOTA:
Section 1.
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[624.7145] SERIAL NUMBERS; GHOST GUNS.
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new text begin Subdivision 1. new text end
new text begin Definitions. new text end
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(a) For purposes of this section and sections 624.7146 and
624.7147, the following terms have the meanings given.
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(b) "Federal firearms licensee" means a licensed importer, manufacturer, or dealer under
United States Code, title 18, section 921(a)(9-11).
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(c) "Ghost gun" means a firearm or a finished or unfinished frame or receiver that:
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(1) lacks a unique serial number engraved or imprinted in metal alloy on the frame or
receiver;
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(2) is undetectable by a metal detector under the terms of United States Code, title 18,
section 922(p), or can be readily modified to become undetectable; or
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(3) is manufactured by a three-dimensional printer or computer numerical control milling
machine by a person who is not a federally licensed firearm manufacturer.
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Ghost gun does not include any firearm or unfinished frame or receiver that is permanently
inoperable; is an antique firearm, as defined in section 624.712, subdivision 3; or was
manufactured prior to 1968.
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(d) "Unfinished frame or receiver" means a forging, casting, printing, extrusion, machined
body, or similar article that has reached a stage where it may be readily completed, assembled,
or converted into a functional firearm.
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(e) "Unique serial number" means the serial number and, if applicable, other information
required under:
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(1) United States Code, title 26, section 5842;
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(2) United States Code, title 18, section 923;
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(3) section 624.7147; or
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(4) the law of any other state for the identification of firearms.
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new text begin Subd. 2. new text end
new text begin Alteration of serial numbers. new text end
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Any person who commits any of the following
acts may be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than five years or to payment of a fine
of not more than $10,000, or both:
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(1) obliterates, removes, changes, or alters the unique serial number of a firearm; or
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(2) receives or possesses a firearm, the unique serial number of which has been
obliterated, removed, changed, or altered.
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new text begin Subd. 3. new text end
new text begin Prohibition on possession. new text end
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Any person who owns, possesses, or receives a
ghost gun may be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than five years or to payment of
a fine of not more than $10,000, or both.
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new text begin Subd. 4. new text end
new text begin Sale, transfer, and distribution of ghost guns. new text end
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Any person who sells, transfers,
or distributes a ghost gun may be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than five years
or to payment of a fine of not more than $10,000, or both.
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new text begin Subd. 5. new text end
new text begin Firearms without serial numbers. new text end
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(a) Any person who, on August 1, 2026,
is in possession of a firearm or unfinished frame or receiver that lacks a unique serial number
engraved or imprinted in metal alloy on the frame or receiver has 180 days to do one of the
following:
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(1) have a federal firearms licensee imprint a unique serial number on the firearm
according to the requirements under section 624.7147;
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(2) permanently remove the firearm or unfinished frame or receiver from the state;
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(3) render the firearm or unfinished frame or receiver permanently inoperable; or
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(4) surrender the firearm or unfinished frame or receiver to a law enforcement agency
for destruction.
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(b) Any person who receives an unfinished frame, receiver, or firearm without a unique
serial number through inheritance and who is not otherwise prohibited from possessing the
unfinished frame, receiver, or firearm, must, within 30 days after inheriting the unfinished
frame, receiver, or firearm:
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(1) have a federal firearms licensee imprint a unique serial number on the firearm
according to the requirements of section 624.7147;
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(2) permanently remove the firearm or unfinished frame or receiver from the state;
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(3) render the firearm or unfinished frame or receiver permanently inoperable; or
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(4) surrender the firearm or unfinished frame or receiver to a law enforcement agency.
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(c) New residents of the state in possession of a firearm or unfinished frame or receiver
that lacks a unique serial number must, within 60 days of arriving in the state:
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(1) have a federal firearms licensee imprint a unique serial number on the firearm
according to the requirements of section 624.7147;
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(2) permanently remove the firearm or unfinished frame or receiver from the state;
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(3) render the firearm or unfinished frame or receiver permanently inoperable; or
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(4) surrender the firearm or unfinished frame or receiver to a law enforcement agency.
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new text begin Subd. 6. new text end
new text begin Exceptions. new text end
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This section does not apply to:
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(1) possession of a ghost gun by a federal firearms licensee or the sale, transfer, or
distribution of a ghost gun to a federal firearms licensee;
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(2) the transfer of a firearm or unfinished frame or receiver that lacks a unique serial
number between the owner and a federal firearms licensee for the purposes of serialization
under section 624.7147;
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(3) a law enforcement officer for the purposes of enforcing this section, collecting
evidence, or destroying a ghost gun; or
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(4) a member of the United States armed forces for use in the course of the member's
official duties.
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new text begin Subd. 7. new text end
new text begin Enforcement. new text end
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This section is enforceable under section 8.31.
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new text begin EFFECTIVE DATE. new text end
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This section is effective August 1, 2026, and applies to crimes
committed on or after that date.
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Sec. 2.
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[624.7146] ASSEMBLY AND MANUFACTURING OF FIREARMS.
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new text begin Subdivision 1. new text end
new text begin Definitions. new text end
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(a) For purposes of this section, the following terms have
the meanings given.
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(b) "Assemble" means to fit together component parts.
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(c) "Manufacture" means to fabricate, make, form, produce, or construct by manual
labor or machinery.
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new text begin Subd. 2. new text end
new text begin Assembling firearms; requirements; limitations. new text end
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(a) A person who is not a
federal firearms licensee is prohibited from assembling or manufacturing more than three
firearms in a calendar year.
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(b) Before assembling or manufacturing a firearm, a person assembling or manufacturing
a firearm that does not have a unique serial number or mark of identification imprinted on
the frame or receiver must request a unique serial number from a federal firearms licensee
that complies with the requirements in section 624.7147.
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(c) Within ten days of assembling a firearm, the owner must have a federal firearms
licensee imprint the firearm with the unique serial number assigned under paragraph (b).
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(d) Nothing in this section permits the assembly or manufacture of ghost guns.
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new text begin Subd. 3. new text end
new text begin Manufacturing prohibitions. new text end
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(a) It is unlawful for a person, other than a federal
firearms licensee, to manufacture a firearm using a computer numerical control milling
machine or three-dimensional printer.
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(b) Any person who violates this subdivision may be sentenced to imprisonment for not
more than five years or to payment of a fine of not more than $10,000, or both.
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new text begin Subd. 4. new text end
new text begin Firearm design files. new text end
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(a) It is unlawful to sell, transfer, or distribute to a person
in the state, other than to a federal firearms licensee, digital instructions in the form of
computer-aided design files or other code or instructions stored and displayed in electronic
format as a digital model that may be used to program a three-dimensional printer to
manufacture a ghost gun.
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(b) A person who violates paragraph (a) may be sentenced to imprisonment for not more
than five years or to payment of a fine of not more than $10,000, or both.
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new text begin Subd. 5. new text end
new text begin Enforcement. new text end
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This section is enforceable under section 8.31.
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new text begin EFFECTIVE DATE. new text end
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This section is effective August 1, 2026, and applies to crimes
committed on or after that date.
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Sec. 3.
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[624.7147] SERIALIZATION OF FIREARMS.
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new text begin Subdivision 1. new text end
new text begin Requirements. new text end
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(a) A federal firearms licensee must comply with this
subdivision when assigning and applying a unique serial number to a firearm or unfinished
frame or receiver owned by a resident of the state.
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(b) The unique serial number must be formatted with the federal firearms licensee's
abbreviated federal firearms license number as a prefix, which is the first three and last five
digits of the license number, followed by a hyphen, then followed by a number that the
licensee has not previously assigned as a suffix. The serial number or numbers must be
imprinted in a manner that accords with the requirements under federal law for affixing
serial numbers to firearms, including the requirements that the serial number or numbers
be at the minimum size and depth, and not susceptible to being readily obliterated, altered,
or removed, and the licensee must retain records that accord with the requirements under
federal law in the case of the sale of a firearm. The imprinting of any serial number upon
an undetectable firearm must be done on a steel plaque under United States Code, title 18,
section 922(p).
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(c) A federal firearms licensee that engraves, casts, stamps, or otherwise conspicuously
and permanently places a unique serial number on a firearm or unfinished frame or receiver
under this section must maintain a record of each instance of imprinting a serial number
indefinitely. A federal firearms licensee providing marking services under this section must
make all records accessible for inspection upon the request of a state or local law enforcement
agency.
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(d) A federal firearms licensee that engraves, casts, stamps, or otherwise conspicuously
and permanently places a unique serial number on a firearm or unfinished frame or receiver
under this section must record the serial number at the time of every transaction involving
the transfer of a firearm, rifle, shotgun, finished frame or receiver, or unfinished frame or
receiver that has been marked in compliance with the federal guidelines under Code of
Federal Regulations, title 27, section 478.124.
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(e) By August 1, 2026, the commissioner of public safety must issue a public notice
regarding the provisions of this section in order to educate the public. The notice must
include posting on the Department of Public Safety's website and may include written
notification or any other means of communication statewide to all Minnesota-based federal
firearms licensees authorized to provide marking services under this section.
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new text begin Subd. 2. new text end
new text begin Data classification. new text end
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Data related to unique serial numbers under subdivision
1, paragraph (c), is classified in section 13.87, subdivision 2.
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new text begin EFFECTIVE DATE. new text end
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This section is effective August 1, 2026, and applies to crimes
committed on or after that date.
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Sec. 4. new text begin REPEALER.
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Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 609.667,
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is repealed.
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APPENDIX
Repealed Minnesota Statutes: S3661-1
609.667 FIREARMS; REMOVAL OR ALTERATION OF SERIAL NUMBER.
Whoever commits any of the following acts may be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than five years or to payment of a fine of not more than $10,000, or both:
(1) obliterates, removes, changes, or alters the serial number or other identification of a firearm;
(2) receives or possesses a firearm, the serial number or other identification of which has been obliterated, removed, changed, or altered; or
(3) receives or possesses a firearm that is not identified by a serial number.
As used in this section, "serial number or other identification" means the serial number and other information required under United States Code, title 26, section 5842, for the identification of firearms.