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Office of the Revisor of Statutes

SF 238

CCR--SF0238A - 85th Legislature (2007 - 2008)

Posted on 01/15/2013 08:28 p.m.

KEY: stricken = removed, old language.
underscored = added, new language.
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1.1CONFERENCE COMMITTEE REPORT ON S.F. No. 238 1.2A bill for an act 1.3relating to health; establishing public policy to protect employees and the general 1.4public from the hazards of secondhand smoke; requiring persons to refrain from 1.5smoking in certain areas;amending Minnesota Statutes 2006, sections 144.412; 1.6144.413, subdivisions 2, 4, by adding subdivisions; 144.414; 144.416; 144.417; 1.7proposing coding for new law in Minnesota Statutes, chapter 144; repealing 1.8Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.415. 1.9May 10, 2007 1.10The Honorable James P. Metzen 1.11President of the Senate 1.12The Honorable Margaret Anderson Kelliher 1.13Speaker of the House of Representatives 1.14We, the undersigned conferees for S.F. No. 238 report that we have agreed upon the 1.15items in dispute and recommend as follows: 1.16That the House recede from its amendments and that S.F. No. 238 be further 1.17amended as follows: 1.18Delete everything after the enacting clause and insert: 1.19    "Section 1. Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 116L.17, subdivision 1, is amended to 1.20read: 1.21    Subdivision 1. Definitions. (a) For the purposes of this section, the following terms 1.22have the meanings given them in this subdivision. 1.23    (b) "Commissioner" means the commissioner of employment and economic 1.24development. 1.25    (c) "Dislocated worker" means an individual who is a resident of Minnesota at the 1.26time employment ceased or was working in the state at the time employment ceased and: 1.27    (1) has been permanently separated or has received a notice of permanent separation 1.28from public or private sector employment and is eligible for or has exhausted entitlement 1.29to unemployment benefits, and is unlikely to return to the previous industry or occupation; 2.1    (2) has been long-term unemployed and has limited opportunities for employment 2.2or reemployment in the same or a similar occupation in the area in which the individual 2.3resides, including older individuals who may have substantial barriers to employment by 2.4reason of age; 2.5    (3) has been self-employed, including farmers and ranchers, and is unemployed as a 2.6result of general economic conditions in the community in which the individual resides or 2.7because of natural disasters; or 2.8    (4) new text begin has been permanently separated from employment in a restaurant, bar, or new text end 2.9new text begin lawful gambling organization from October 1, 2007, to October 1, 2009, due to the new text end 2.10new text begin implementation of any state law prohibiting smoking; or new text end 2.11    new text begin (5) new text end is a displaced homemaker. A "displaced homemaker" is an individual who has 2.12spent a substantial number of years in the home providing homemaking service and (i) has 2.13been dependent upon the financial support of another; and now due to divorce, separation, 2.14death, or disability of that person, must find employment to self support; or (ii) derived 2.15the substantial share of support from public assistance on account of dependents in the 2.16home and no longer receives such support. 2.17    To be eligible under this clause, the support must have ceased while the worker 2.18resided in Minnesota. 2.19    (d) "Eligible organization" means a state or local government unit, nonprofit 2.20organization, community action agency, business organization or association, or labor 2.21organization. 2.22    (e) "Plant closing" means the announced or actual permanent shutdown of a single 2.23site of employment, or one or more facilities or operating units within a single site of 2.24employment. 2.25    (f) "Substantial layoff" means a permanent reduction in the workforce, which is 2.26not a result of a plant closing, and which results in an employment loss at a single site 2.27of employment during any 30-day period for at least 50 employees excluding those 2.28employees that work less than 20 hours per week. 2.29    Sec. 2. Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.412, is amended to read: 2.30144.412 PUBLIC POLICY. 2.31    The purpose of sections 144.411 to 144.417 is to protect the public health, comfort 2.32and environment by prohibiting smoking in areas where children or ill or injured persons 2.33are present, and new text begin employees and the general public from the hazards of secondhand new text end 2.34new text begin smoke new text end by limitingnew text begin eliminatingnew text end smoking in public placesnew text begin , places of employment, public new text end 2.35new text begin transportation,new text end and at public meetings to designated smoking areas. 3.1    Sec. 3. Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.413, is amended by adding a subdivision 3.2to read: 3.3    new text begin Subd. 1a.new text end new text begin Indoor area.new text end new text begin "Indoor area" means all space between a floor and a ceiling new text end 3.4new text begin that is bounded by walls, doorways, or windows, whether open or closed, covering new text end 3.5new text begin more than 50 percent of the combined surface area of the vertical planes constituting new text end 3.6new text begin the perimeter of the area. A wall includes any retractable divider, garage door, or other new text end 3.7new text begin physical barrier, whether temporary or permanent. A 0.011 gauge window screen with an new text end 3.8new text begin 18 by 16 mesh count is not a wall.new text end 3.9    Sec. 4. Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.413, is amended by adding a subdivision 3.10to read: 3.11    new text begin Subd. 1b.new text end new text begin Place of employment.new text end new text begin "Place of employment" means any indoor area new text end 3.12new text begin at which two or more individuals perform any type of a service for consideration of new text end 3.13new text begin payment under any type of contractual relationship, including, but not limited to, an new text end 3.14new text begin employment relationship with or for a private corporation, partnership, individual, or new text end 3.15new text begin government agency. Place of employment includes any indoor area where two or more new text end 3.16new text begin individuals gratuitously perform services for which individuals are ordinarily paid. A new text end 3.17new text begin place of employment includes, but is not limited to, public conveyances, factories, new text end 3.18new text begin warehouses, offices, retail stores, restaurants, bars, banquet facilities, theaters, food stores, new text end 3.19new text begin banks, financial institutions, employee cafeterias, lounges, auditoriums, gymnasiums, new text end 3.20new text begin restrooms, elevators, hallways, museums, libraries, bowling establishments, employee new text end 3.21new text begin medical facilities, and rooms or areas containing photocopying equipment or other office new text end 3.22new text begin equipment used in common. Vehicles used in whole or in part for work purposes are new text end 3.23new text begin places of employment during hours of operation if more than one person is present. An new text end 3.24new text begin area in which work is performed in a private residence is a place of employment during new text end 3.25new text begin hours of operation if:new text end 3.26    new text begin (1) the homeowner uses the area exclusively and regularly as a principal place of new text end 3.27new text begin business and has one or more on-site employees; or new text end 3.28    new text begin (2) the homeowner uses the area exclusively and regularly as a place to meet or deal new text end 3.29new text begin with patients, clients, or customers in the normal course of the homeowner's trade or new text end 3.30new text begin business.new text end 3.31    Sec. 5. Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.413, subdivision 2, is amended to read: 3.32    Subd. 2. Public place. "Public place" means any enclosed, indoor area used by the 3.33general public or serving as a place of work, including, but not limited to, restaurants,new text begin ; new text end 3.34new text begin bars; any other food or liquor establishment;new text end retail stores, offices and other commercial 3.35establishments, public conveyances,new text begin ;new text end educational facilities other than public schools, 4.1as defined in section 120A.05, subdivisions 9, 11, and 13,new text begin ;new text end hospitals,new text begin ;new text end nursing homes,new text begin ;new text end 4.2auditoriums,new text begin ;new text end arenas,new text begin ;new text end meeting rooms,new text begin ;new text end and common areas of rental apartment buildings, 4.3but excluding private, enclosed offices occupied exclusively by smokers even though 4.4such offices may be visited by nonsmokers. 4.5    Sec. 6. Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.413, subdivision 4, is amended to read: 4.6    Subd. 4. Smoking. "Smoking" new text begin means inhaling or exhaling smoke from any lighted new text end 4.7new text begin cigar, cigarette, pipe, or any other lighted tobacco or plant product. Smoking also new text end includes 4.8carrying a lighted cigar, cigarette, pipe, or any other lighted smoking equipmentnew text begin tobacco new text end 4.9new text begin or plant product intended for inhalationnew text end . 4.10    Sec. 7. Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.413, is amended by adding a subdivision 4.11to read: 4.12    new text begin Subd. 5.new text end new text begin Public transportation.new text end new text begin "Public transportation" means public means of new text end 4.13new text begin transportation, including light and commuter rail transit; buses; enclosed bus and transit new text end 4.14new text begin stops; taxis, vans, limousines, and other for-hire vehicles other than those being operated new text end 4.15new text begin by the lessee; and ticketing, boarding, and waiting areas in public transportation terminals.new text end 4.16    Sec. 8. Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.414, is amended to read: 4.17144.414 PROHIBITIONS. 4.18    Subdivision 1. Public placesnew text begin , places of employment, public transportation, and new text end 4.19new text begin public meetingsnew text end . new text begin Smoking shall not be permitted in and new text end no person shall smoke in a public 4.20place ornew text begin ,new text end at a public meeting except in designated smoking areas. This prohibition does 4.21not apply in cases in which an entire room or hall is used for a private social function 4.22and seating arrangements are under the control of the sponsor of the function and not of 4.23the proprietor or person in charge of the place. Furthermore, this prohibition shall not 4.24apply to places of work not usually frequented by the general public, except that the state 4.25commissioner of health shall establish rules to restrict or prohibit smoking in factories, 4.26warehouses, and those places of work where the close proximity of workers or the 4.27inadequacy of ventilation causes smoke pollution detrimental to the health and comfort of 4.28nonsmoking employeesnew text begin , in a place of employment, or in public transportation, except as new text end 4.29new text begin provided in this section or section 144.4167new text end . 4.30    Subd. 2. Day care premises. Smoking is prohibited in a day care center licensed 4.31under Minnesota Rules, parts 9503.0005 to 9503.0175, or in a family home or in a 4.32group family day care provider home licensed under Minnesota Rules, parts 9502.0300 4.33to 9502.0445, during its hours of operation.new text begin The proprietor of a family home or group new text end 4.34new text begin family day care provider must disclose to parents or guardians of children cared for on the new text end 5.1new text begin premises if the proprietor permits smoking outside of its hours of operation. Disclosure new text end 5.2new text begin must include posting on the premises a conspicuous written notice and orally informing new text end 5.3new text begin parents or guardians.new text end 5.4    Subd. 3. Health care facilities and clinics. (a) Smoking is prohibited in any area of 5.5a hospital, health care clinic, doctor's office, new text begin licensed residential facility for children, new text end or 5.6other health care-related facility, other than new text begin except that a patient or resident in new text end a nursing 5.7home, boarding care facility, or licensed residential facility, except as allowed in this 5.8subdivisionnew text begin for adults may smoke in a designated separate, enclosed room maintained in new text end 5.9new text begin accordance with applicable state and federal lawsnew text end . 5.10    (b) Smoking by participants in peer reviewed scientific studies related to the health 5.11effects of smoking may be allowed in a separated room ventilated at a rate of 60 cubic 5.12feet per minute per person pursuant to a policy that is approved by the commissioner and 5.13is established by the administrator of the program to minimize exposure of nonsmokers 5.14to smoke. new text begin Except as provided in section 246.0141, smoking by patients in a locked new text end 5.15new text begin psychiatric unit may be allowed in a separated well-ventilated area in the unit under a new text end 5.16new text begin policy established by the administrator of the program that allows the treating physician to new text end 5.17new text begin approve smoking if, in the opinion of the treating physician, the benefits to be gained in new text end 5.18new text begin obtaining patient cooperation with treatment outweigh the negative impacts of smoking.new text end 5.19    new text begin Subd. 4.new text end new text begin Public transportation vehicles.new text end new text begin Smoking is prohibited in public new text end 5.20new text begin transportation vehicles except that the driver of a public transportation vehicle may smoke new text end 5.21new text begin when the vehicle is being used for personal use. For purposes of this subdivision, "personal new text end 5.22new text begin use" means that the public transportation vehicle is being used by the driver for private new text end 5.23new text begin purposes and no for-hire passengers are present. If a driver smokes under this subdivision, new text end 5.24new text begin the driver must post a conspicuous sign inside the vehicle to inform passengers.new text end 5.25    Sec. 9. Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.416, is amended to read: 5.26144.416 RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROPRIETORS. 5.27    new text begin (a) new text end The proprietor or other person in chargenew text begin , firm, limited liability company, new text end 5.28new text begin corporation, or other entity that owns, leases, manages, operates, or otherwise controls the new text end 5.29new text begin usenew text end of a public placenew text begin , public transportation, place of employment, or public meetingnew text end shall 5.30make reasonable efforts to prevent smoking in the public placenew text begin , public transportation, new text end 5.31new text begin place of employment, or public meetingnew text end bynew text begin :new text end 5.32    (a) new text begin (1) new text end posting appropriate signs; 5.33    (b) arranging seating to provide a smoke-free area; 5.34    (c) asking smokers to refrain from smoking upon request of a client or employee 5.35suffering discomfort from the smoke; or 6.1    (d) new text begin or by new text end any other means which may be appropriatenew text begin ; andnew text end 6.2    new text begin (2) asking any person who smokes in an area where smoking is prohibited to refrain new text end 6.3new text begin from smoking and, if the person does not refrain from smoking after being asked to do so, new text end 6.4new text begin asking the person to leave. If the person refuses to leave, the proprietor, person, or entity new text end 6.5new text begin in charge shall handle the situation consistent with lawful methods for handling other new text end 6.6new text begin persons acting in a disorderly manner or as a trespasser.new text end 6.7    new text begin (b) The proprietor or other person or entity in charge of a public place, public new text end 6.8new text begin meeting, public transportation, or place of employment must not provide smoking new text end 6.9new text begin equipment, including ashtrays or matches, in areas where smoking is prohibited. Nothing new text end 6.10new text begin in this section prohibits the proprietor or other person or entity in charge from taking more new text end 6.11new text begin stringent measures than those under sections 144.414 to 144.417 to protect individuals new text end 6.12new text begin from secondhand smoke. The proprietor or other person or entity in charge of a restaurant new text end 6.13new text begin or bar may not serve an individual who is in violation of sections 144.411 to 144.417new text end . 6.14    Sec. 10. new text begin [144.4167] PERMITTED SMOKING.new text end 6.15    new text begin Subdivision 1.new text end new text begin Scientific study participants.new text end new text begin Smoking by participants in peer new text end 6.16new text begin reviewed scientific studies related to the health effects of smoking may be allowed in a new text end 6.17new text begin separated room ventilated at a rate of 60 cubic feet per minute per person pursuant to a new text end 6.18new text begin policy that is approved by the commissioner and is established by the administrator of the new text end 6.19new text begin program to minimize exposure of nonsmokers to smoke.new text end 6.20    new text begin Subd. 2.new text end new text begin Traditional Native American ceremonies.new text end new text begin Sections 144.414 to 144.417 new text end 6.21new text begin do not prohibit smoking by a Native American as part of a traditional Native American new text end 6.22new text begin spiritual or cultural ceremony. For purposes of this section, a Native American is a person new text end 6.23new text begin who is a member of an Indian tribe as defined in section 260.755, subdivision 12.new text end 6.24    new text begin Subd. 3.new text end new text begin Private places.new text end new text begin Except as provided in section 144.414, subdivision 2, new text end 6.25new text begin nothing in sections 144.411 to 144.417 prohibits smoking in:new text end 6.26    new text begin (1) private homes, private residences, or private automobiles when they are not in new text end 6.27new text begin use as a place of employment, as defined in section 144.413, subdivision 1b; ornew text end 6.28    new text begin (2) a hotel or motel sleeping room rented to one or more guests.new text end 6.29    new text begin Subd. 4.new text end new text begin Tobacco products shop.new text end new text begin Sections 144.414 to 144.417 do not prohibit the new text end 6.30new text begin lighting of tobacco in a tobacco products shop by a customer or potential customer for the new text end 6.31new text begin specific purpose of sampling tobacco products. For the purposes of this subdivision, a new text end 6.32new text begin tobacco products shop is a retail establishment with an entrance door opening directly new text end 6.33new text begin to the outside that derives more than 90 percent of its gross revenue from the sale of new text end 6.34new text begin loose tobacco, plants, or herbs and cigars, cigarettes, pipes, and other smoking devices new text end 6.35new text begin for burning tobacco and related smoking accessories and in which the sale of other new text end 7.1new text begin products is merely incidental. "Tobacco products shop" does not include a tobacco new text end 7.2new text begin department or section of any individual business establishment with any type of liquor, new text end 7.3new text begin food, or restaurant license.new text end 7.4    new text begin Subd. 5.new text end new text begin Heavy commercial vehicles.new text end new text begin Sections 144.414 to 144.417 do not prohibit new text end 7.5new text begin smoking in the cabs of motor vehicles registered under section 168.013, subdivision 1e, new text end 7.6new text begin with a total gross weight of 26,001 pounds or greater.new text end 7.7    new text begin Subd. 6.new text end new text begin Farm vehicles and construction equipment.new text end new text begin Sections 144.414 to new text end 7.8new text begin 144.417 do not prohibit smoking in farm trucks, as defined in section 168.011, subdivision new text end 7.9new text begin 17; implements of husbandry, as defined in section 168A.01, subdivision 8; and special new text end 7.10new text begin mobile equipment, as defined in section 168.011, subdivision 22. This subdivision applies new text end 7.11new text begin to farm trucks, implements of husbandry, and special mobile equipment, when being new text end 7.12new text begin used for their intended purposes.new text end 7.13    new text begin Subd. 7.new text end new text begin Family farms.new text end new text begin Sections 144.414 to 144.417 do not prohibit smoking in new text end 7.14new text begin the house, garage, barns, and other buildings on a family farm that meets the following new text end 7.15new text begin criteria: (1) the family farm is engaged in farming, as defined in section 500.24, new text end 7.16new text begin subdivision 2, paragraph (a); (2) the family farm meets the definition of family farm new text end 7.17new text begin under section 500.24, subdivision 2, paragraph (b), (c), (j), or (l); and (3) the family farm new text end 7.18new text begin employs two or fewer persons who are not family members.new text end 7.19    new text begin Subd. 8.new text end new text begin Disabled veterans rest camp.new text end new text begin Sections 144.414 to 144.417 do not prohibit new text end 7.20new text begin smoking in the disabled veterans rest camp located in Washington County, established as new text end 7.21new text begin of January 1, 2007.new text end 7.22    new text begin Subd. 9.new text end new text begin Theatrical productions.new text end new text begin Sections 144.414 to 144.417 do not prohibit new text end 7.23new text begin smoking by actors and actresses as part of a theatrical performance conducted in new text end 7.24new text begin compliance with section 366.01. Notice of smoking in a performance shall be given to new text end 7.25new text begin theater patrons in advance and shall be included in performance programs.new text end 7.26    Sec. 11. Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.417, is amended to read: 7.27144.417 COMMISSIONER OF HEALTH, ENFORCEMENT, PENALTIES. 7.28    Subdivision 1. Rules. (a) The state commissioner of health shall adopt rules 7.29necessary and reasonable to implement the provisions of sections 144.411 to 144.417, 7.30except as provided for in section . 7.31    (b) Rules implementing sections to adopted after January 1, 2002, 7.32may not take effect until approved by a law enacted after January 1, 2002. This paragraph 7.33does not apply to a rule or severable portion of a rule governing smoking in office 7.34buildings, factories, warehouses, or similar places of work, or in health care facilities. This 8.1paragraph does not apply to a rule changing the definition of "restaurant" to make it the 8.2same as the definition in section 157.15, subdivision 12. 8.3    Subd. 2. Penaltiesnew text begin Violationsnew text end . Any person who violates section or 8.4 is guilty of a petty misdemeanor.new text begin (a) Any proprietor, person, or entity that owns, new text end 8.5new text begin leases, manages, operates, or otherwise controls the use of an area in which smoking is new text end 8.6new text begin prohibited under sections 144.414 to new text end new text begin , and that knowingly fails to comply with new text end 8.7new text begin sections new text end new text begin to 144.417, is guilty of a petty misdemeanor.new text end 8.8    new text begin (b) Any person who smokes in an area where smoking is prohibited or restricted new text end 8.9new text begin under sections new text end new text begin to 144.417 is guilty of a petty misdemeanor.new text end 8.10    new text begin (c) A proprietor, person, or entity in charge of a public place, public meeting, place new text end 8.11new text begin of employment, or public transportation must not retaliate or take adverse action against new text end 8.12new text begin an employee or anyone else who, in good faith, reports a violation of sections 144.414 to new text end 8.13new text begin to the proprietor or person in charge of the public place, public meeting, place of new text end 8.14new text begin employment, or public transportation, or to the commissioner of health or other designee new text end 8.15new text begin responsible for enforcing sections new text end new text begin to new text end new text begin .new text end 8.16    new text begin (d) No person or employer shall discharge, refuse to hire, penalize, discriminate new text end 8.17new text begin against, or in any manner retaliate against any employee, applicant for employment, or new text end 8.18new text begin customer because the employee, applicant, or customer exercises any right to a smoke-free new text end 8.19new text begin environment provided by sections new text end new text begin to 144.417 or other law.new text end 8.20    Subd. 3. Injunction. The state commissioner of health, a board of health as defined 8.21in section 145A.02, subdivision 2, or any affected party may institute an action in any 8.22court with jurisdiction to enjoin repeated violations of section or new text begin new text end 8.23new text begin sections 144.414 to 144.417new text end . 8.24    new text begin Subd. 4.new text end new text begin Local government ordinances.new text end new text begin (a) Nothing in sections 144.414 to new text end 8.25new text begin 144.417 prohibits a statutory or home rule charter city or county from enacting and new text end 8.26new text begin enforcing more stringent measures to protect individuals from secondhand smoke.new text end 8.27    new text begin (b) Except as provided in sections 144.411 to 144.417, smoking is permitted outside new text end 8.28new text begin of restaurants, bars, and bingo halls unless limited or prohibited by restrictions adopted in new text end 8.29new text begin accordance with paragraph (a).new text end 8.30    Sec. 12. new text begin CHARITABLE GAMBLING IMPACT STUDY.new text end 8.31    new text begin The Gambling Control Board, in cooperation with the commissioner of revenue, new text end 8.32new text begin shall study the impact of a statewide smoking ban in public places on lawful gambling. new text end 8.33new text begin The board shall provide a summary report with recommendations to the governor and the new text end 8.34new text begin appropriate committees of the legislature prior to March 31, 2008.new text end 9.1    Sec. 13. new text begin DISLOCATED WORKER PROGRAM; ALLOCATION OF FUNDS.new text end 9.2    new text begin The Job Skills Partnership Board must enable the dislocated worker program under new text end 9.3new text begin Minnesota Statutes, section 116L.17, to provide services under that program to employees new text end 9.4new text begin of bars, restaurants, and lawful gambling organizations who become unemployed from new text end 9.5new text begin October 1, 2007, to October 1, 2009, due to the provisions of this act.new text end 9.6    Sec. 14. new text begin FREEDOM TO BREATHE ACT.new text end 9.7    new text begin This act shall be referred to as the "Freedom to Breathe Act of 2007."new text end 9.8    Sec. 15. new text begin REPEALER.new text end 9.9new text begin Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.415,new text end new text begin is repealed.new text end 9.10    Sec. 16. new text begin EFFECTIVE DATE.new text end 9.11    new text begin Sections 1 to 15 are effective October 1, 2007.new text end " 9.12Delete the title and insert: 9.13"A bill for an act 9.14relating to health; establishing the Freedom to Breathe Act of 2007; establishing 9.15public policy to protect employees and the general public from the hazards of 9.16secondhand smoke; prohibiting smoking in certain areas; providing penalties; 9.17amending Minnesota Statutes 2006, sections 116L.17, subdivision 1; 144.412; 9.18144.413, subdivisions 2, 4, by adding subdivisions; 144.414; 144.416; 144.417; 9.19proposing coding for new law in Minnesota Statutes, chapter 144; repealing 9.20Minnesota Statutes 2006, section 144.415." We request the adoption of this report and repassage of the bill.Senate Conferees: (Signed) Kathy Sheran, D. Scott Dibble, Ron Latz, Steve Dille, Julie A. RosenHouse Conferees: (Signed) Thomas Huntley, Erin Murphy, Kim Norton, Ken Tschumper, Dan Severson 10.1 We request the adoption of this report and repassage of the bill. 10.2 Senate Conferees: (Signed) 10.3 10.4 Kathy Sheran D. Scott Dibble 10.5 10.6 Ron Latz Steve Dille 10.7 10.8 Julie A. Rosen 10.9 House Conferees: (Signed) 10.10 10.11 Thomas Huntley Erin Murphy 10.12 10.13 Kim Norton Ken Tschumper 10.14 10.15 Dan Severson