HF 747

as introduced - 94th Legislature (2025 - 2026) Posted on 03/17/2025 04:38pm

A bill for an act
relating to business organizations; modifying the Minnesota Business Corporation
Act; amending Minnesota Statutes 2024, sections 302A.011, subdivision 41, by
adding subdivisions; 302A.111, subdivision 2; 302A.161, by adding a subdivision;
302A.181, by adding a subdivision; 302A.201, subdivision 1; 302A.237, by adding
a subdivision; 302A.361; 302A.461, subdivision 4; 302A.471, subdivisions 1, 3;
302A.611, by adding a subdivision; proposing coding for new law in Minnesota
Statutes, chapter 302A.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF MINNESOTA:

Section 1.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.011, subdivision 41, is amended to
read:

Subd. 41.

Beneficial owner; beneficial ownership.

(a) "Beneficial owner," when used
with respect to shares or other securities, includes, but is not limited to, any person who,
directly or indirectly through any written or oral agreement, arrangement, relationship,
understanding, or otherwise, has or shares the power to vote, or direct the voting of, the
shares or securities or has or shares the power to dispose of, or direct the disposition of, the
shares or securities, except that:

(1) a person shall not be deemed the beneficial owner of shares or securities tendered
pursuant to a tender or exchange offer made by the person or any of the person's affiliates
or associates until the tendered shares or securities are accepted for purchase or exchange;
and

(2) a person shall not be deemed the beneficial owner of shares or securities with respect
to which the person has the power to vote or direct the voting arising solely from a revocable
proxy given in response to a proxy solicitation required to be made and made in accordance
with the applicable rules and regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and is
not then reportable under that act on a Schedule 13D or comparable report, or, if the
corporation is not subject to the rules and regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, would have been required to be made and would not have been reportable if the
corporation had been subject to the rules and regulations.

(b) "Beneficial ownership" includes, but is not limited to, the right to acquire shares or
securities through the exercise of options, warrants, or rights, or the conversion of convertible
securities, or otherwise. The shares or securities subject to the options, warrants, rights, or
conversion privileges held by a person shall be deemed to be outstanding for the purpose
of computing the percentage of outstanding shares or securities of the class or series owned
by the person, but shall not be deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the
percentage of the class or series owned by any other person. A person deleted text begin shall be deleted text end new text begin is new text end deemed
the beneficial owner of shares and securities beneficially owned by new text begin : (1) new text end any relative or
spouse of the person or any relative of the spouse, residing in the home of the person deleted text begin , deleted text end new text begin ; (2) new text end
any trust or estate in which the person new text begin (i) new text end owns ten percent or more of the total beneficial
interest new text begin of the trust or estate new text end new text begin , new text end or new text begin (ii) new text end serves as trustee or executor or in a similar fiduciary
capacity deleted text begin , deleted text end new text begin for the trust or estate; (3) new text end any organization in which the person owns ten percent
or more of the equity deleted text begin , deleted text end new text begin ; new text end and new text begin (4) new text end any affiliate of the person.

(c) When two or more persons act or agree to act as a partnership, limited partnership,
syndicate, or other group for the purposes of acquiring, owning, or voting shares or other
securities of a corporation, all members of the partnership, syndicate, or other group are
deemed to constitute a "person" and to have acquired beneficial ownership, as of the date
they first so act or agree to act together, of all shares or securities of the corporation
beneficially owned by the person.

Sec. 2.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.011, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 72. new text end

new text begin Defective corporate act. new text end

new text begin "Defective corporate act" means an overissue, an
election or appointment of directors that is void or voidable due to a failure of authorization,
or an act or transaction purportedly taken by or on behalf of the corporation that is and, at
the time the act or transaction was purportedly taken, would have been within the
corporation's power under section 302A.101 but is void or voidable due to a failure of
authorization.
new text end

Sec. 3.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.011, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 73. new text end

new text begin Emergency. new text end

new text begin "Emergency" means a situation during which it is impracticable
for the corporation to conduct the corporation's affairs in accordance with this chapter, the
articles, the bylaws, or as specified in a notice for the meeting previously given as a result
of a catastrophic event or condition, including but not limited to an act of nature, an epidemic
or pandemic, a technological failure or malfunction, a terrorist incident or an act of war, a
cyber attack, a civil disturbance, or a governmental authority's emergency declaration.
new text end

Sec. 4.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.011, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 74. new text end

new text begin Failure of authorization. new text end

new text begin "Failure of authorization" means the failure: (1) to
authorize or effect an act or transaction in compliance with (i) this chapter, (ii) the articles
or bylaws, (iii) any plan or agreement to which the corporation is a party, or (iv) the
disclosure set forth in any proxy or consent solicitation statement, if and to the extent the
failure renders the act or transaction void or voidable; or (2) of the board or an officer to
authorize or approve an act or transaction taken by or on behalf of the corporation that
requires board or officer approval for the act or transaction's due authorization.
new text end

Sec. 5.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.011, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 75. new text end

new text begin Overissue. new text end

new text begin "Overissue" means the purported issuance of: (1) shares of a class
or series in excess of the number of shares of the class or series the corporation has the
power under the articles to issue under section 302A.401, subdivision 1, at the time of the
issuance; or (2) shares of any class or series that are not then authorized for issuance by the
articles.
new text end

Sec. 6.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.011, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 76. new text end

new text begin Putative shares. new text end

new text begin "Putative shares" means shares, including shares issued upon
exercise of rights to purchase, in each case, that were created or issued pursuant to a defective
corporate act, that: (1) but for a failure of authorization, would constitute valid shares; or
(2) the board is unable to determine are valid shares.
new text end

Sec. 7.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.011, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 77. new text end

new text begin Time of defective corporate act. new text end

new text begin "Time of defective corporate act" means
the date and time at which the defective corporate act was purportedly taken.
new text end

Sec. 8.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.011, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 78. new text end

new text begin Validation effective time. new text end

new text begin "Validation effective time," with respect to a
defective corporate act ratified under section 302A.166 or 302A.167, means the latest of:
new text end

new text begin (1) the time when a defective corporate act submitted to shareholders for approval under
section 302A.166, subdivision 4, is approved by shareholders or, if no vote of the
shareholders is required to approve the ratification of the defective corporate act, immediately
following the time when the board adopts the resolutions required under section 302A.166,
subdivision 2 or 3;
new text end

new text begin (2) if no certificate of validation must be filed under section 302A.166, subdivision 6,
the time, if any, specified by the board of directors in the resolutions adopted under section
302A.166, subdivision 2 or 3, provided the time specified by the board of directors does
not precede the time when the resolutions are adopted; or
new text end

new text begin (3) the time when any certificate of validation filed under section 302A.166, subdivision
6, is filed with the secretary of state.
new text end

Sec. 9.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.011, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 79. new text end

new text begin Valid shares. new text end

new text begin "Valid shares" means shares that have been duly authorized
and validly issued as required under this chapter.
new text end

Sec. 10.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.111, subdivision 2, is amended to read:

Subd. 2.

Statutory provisions that may be modified only in articles or in a
shareholder control agreement.

The following provisions govern a corporation unless
modified in the articles or in a shareholder control agreement under section 302A.457:

(a) a corporation has general business purposes (section 302A.101);

(b) a corporation has perpetual existence and certain powers (section 302A.161);

(c) the power to adopt, amend, or repeal the bylaws is vested in the board (section
302A.181);

(d) a corporation must allow cumulative voting for directors (section 302A.215,
subdivision 2);

(e) the affirmative vote of a majority of directors present is required for an action of the
board (section 302A.237);

(f) a written action by the board taken without a meeting must be signed by all directors
(section 302A.239);

(g) the board may authorize the issuance of securities and rights to purchase securities
(section 302A.401, subdivision 1);

(h) all shares are common shares entitled to vote and are of one class and one series
(section 302A.401, subdivision 2, clauses (a) and (b));

(i) all shares have equal rights and preferences in all matters not otherwise provided for
by the board (section 302A.401, subdivision 2, clause (b));

(j) the par value of shares is fixed at one cent per share for certain purposes and may be
fixed by the board for certain other purposes (section 302A.401, subdivision 2, clause (c));

(k) the board or the shareholders may issue shares for any consideration or for no
consideration to effectuate share dividends, divisions, or combinations, and determine the
value of nonmonetary consideration (section 302A.405, subdivision 1);

(l) shares of a class or series must not be issued to holders of shares of another class or
series to effectuate share dividends, divisions, or combinations, unless authorized by a
majority of the voting power of the shares of the same class or series as the shares to be
issued (section 302A.405, subdivision 1);

(m) a corporation may issue rights to purchase securities whose terms, provisions, and
conditions are fixed by the board (section 302A.409);

(n) a shareholder has certain preemptive rights, unless otherwise provided by the board
(section 302A.413);

(o) the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the shares
present and entitled to vote at a duly held meeting is required for an action of the
shareholders, except where this chapter requires the affirmative vote of a plurality of the
votes cast (section 302A.215, subdivision 1) or a majority of the voting power of all shares
entitled to vote (section 302A.437, subdivision 1);

(p) shares of a corporation acquired by the corporation may be reissued (section
302A.553, subdivision 1);

(q) each share has one vote unless otherwise provided in the terms of the share (section
302A.445, subdivision 3);

(r) a corporation may issue shares for a consideration less than the par value, if any, of
the shares (section 302A.405, subdivision 2);

(s) the board may effect share dividends, divisions, and combinations under certain
circumstances without shareholder approval (section 302A.402);

(t) a written action of shareholders must be signed by all shareholders (section 302A.441);

(u) specified amendments of the articles create dissenters' rights (section 302A.471,
subdivision 1, clause (a)); deleted text begin and
deleted text end

(v) shareholders are entitled to vote as a class or series upon proposed amendments to
the articles in specified circumstances (section 302A.137) deleted text begin . deleted text end new text begin ; and
new text end

new text begin (w) the corporation's business and affairs must be managed by or under the board's
direction (section 302A.201).
new text end

Sec. 11.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.161, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 23a. new text end

new text begin Emergency powers. new text end

new text begin (a) During an emergency, unless emergency bylaws
provide otherwise:
new text end

new text begin (1) notice of a meeting of the board must be given only to the directors that are practicable
to reach and may, if ordinary notice is impracticable or inadvisable due to the emergency,
be given in any practicable manner; and
new text end

new text begin (2) the officers designated on a list approved by the board of directors before the
emergency, in the priority order and subject to conditions as may be provided in the board
resolution approving the list, must, to the extent required to provide a quorum at any meeting
of the board, be deemed directors for the meeting.
new text end

new text begin (b) During an emergency that makes it impracticable to convene a meeting of shareholders
in accordance with this chapter, the articles, the bylaws, or as specified in a notice for the
meeting previously given, unless emergency bylaws provide otherwise, the board may
postpone a meeting of shareholders for which notice has been given or authorize shareholders
to participate in a meeting by any means of remote communication that conforms with
section 302A.436. The corporation must give notice to shareholders, by the means and with
shorter advance notice as are reasonable in the circumstances, of a postponement, including
any new date, time, or place, and describe any means of remote communication to be used.
The notice to shareholders by a publicly held corporation may be given solely by means of
a document publicly filed by the corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission
pursuant to the rules and regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, United
States Code, title 15, section 78a, et seq.
new text end

new text begin (c) A corporate action taken in good faith under this subdivision during an emergency
to further the business and affairs of the corporation binds the corporation.
new text end

Sec. 12.

new text begin [302A.166] DEFECTIVE CORPORATE ACTS AND SHARES;
RATIFICATION.
new text end

new text begin Subdivision 1. new text end

new text begin Effect of ratification or validation. new text end

new text begin Subject to subdivision 7, a defective
corporate act or putative share is not void or voidable solely as a result of a failure of
authorization if the defective corporate act or putative share is ratified under this section or
validated by a court in a proceeding brought under section 302A.167.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 2. new text end

new text begin Board approval; generally. new text end

new text begin (a) In order to ratify one or more defective corporate
acts under this section other than ratifying an election of the first board under subdivision
3, the board must adopt resolutions stating:
new text end

new text begin (1) the defective corporate act or acts to be ratified;
new text end

new text begin (2) the date of each defective corporate act or acts;
new text end

new text begin (3) if the defective corporate act or acts involved the issuance of putative shares, the
number and type of putative shares issued and the date or dates upon which the putative
shares were purported to have been issued;
new text end

new text begin (4) the nature of the failure of authorization in respect of each defective corporate act
to be ratified; and
new text end

new text begin (5) that the board approves ratification of the defective corporate act or acts.
new text end

new text begin (b) The resolutions also may provide that, at any time before the validation effective
time in respect of a defective corporate act set forth in the resolutions, notwithstanding the
approval of the ratification of the defective corporate act by shareholders, the board may
abandon the ratification of the defective corporate act without further action of the
shareholders.
new text end

new text begin (c) The quorum and voting requirements that apply to the board's ratification of any
defective corporate act must be the quorum and voting requirements applicable to the type
of defective corporate act proposed to be ratified at the time the board adopts the resolutions
ratifying the defective corporate act. If the articles or bylaws, any plan or agreement to
which the corporation was a party, or any provision of this chapter, in each case as in effect
as of the time of the defective corporate act, require a larger number or portion of directors
or of specified directors for a quorum to be present or to approve the defective corporate
act, the larger number or portion of the directors or the specified directors must be required
for a quorum to be present or to adopt the resolutions to ratify the defective corporate act,
as applicable; except that the presence or approval of a director elected, appointed, or
nominated by holders of any class or series of which no shares are outstanding at the time
the board adopts the resolutions ratifying the defective corporate act, or by any person that
is no longer a shareholder at the time the board adopts the resolutions ratifying the defective
corporate act, is not required.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 3. new text end

new text begin Board approval; election of first board. new text end

new text begin To ratify a defective corporate act
in respect of the election of the first board under section 302A.201, subdivision 1, a majority
of the persons who, at the time the resolutions required by this subdivision are adopted, are
exercising the powers of directors under claim and color of an election or appointment as
such may adopt resolutions stating:
new text end

new text begin (1) the name of the person or persons who first took action in the name of the corporation
as the first board;
new text end

new text begin (2) the earlier of the date on which the persons first took the action or were purported
to have been elected as the first board; and
new text end

new text begin (3) that the ratification of the election of the person or persons as the first board is
approved.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 4. new text end

new text begin Shareholder approval; when required. new text end

new text begin A defective corporate act ratified
under subdivision 2 must be submitted to shareholders for approval under subdivision 5,
unless:
new text end

new text begin (1)(i) no other provision of this chapter, and no provision of the articles or bylaws, or
of any plan or agreement to which the corporation is a party, requires shareholder approval
of the defective corporate act to be ratified, either at the time of the defective corporate act
or at the time the board adopts the resolutions ratifying the defective corporate act under
subdivision 2, and (ii) the defective corporate act did not result from a failure to comply
with section 302A.673; or
new text end

new text begin (2) as of the adoption of the resolutions of the board under subdivision 2, there are no
valid shares outstanding and entitled to vote thereon, regardless of whether there then exist
any putative shares.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 5. new text end

new text begin Shareholder approval; process. new text end

new text begin (a) If the ratification of a defective corporate
act must be submitted to shareholders for approval under subdivision 4, notice of the meeting
must be given in the manner set forth in section 302A.435 to each holder of valid shares
and putative shares, whether voting or nonvoting.
new text end

new text begin (b) The notice under this subdivision must be given as follows:
new text end

new text begin (1) in the case of a defective corporate act that did not involve the establishment of a
record date for notice of or voting at any meeting of shareholders, for written action of
shareholders in lieu of a meeting, or for any other purpose, to the shareholders of valid
shares and putative shares, whether voting or nonvoting, as of the time of the defective
corporate act, other than holders whose identities or addresses cannot be determined from
the corporation's records; or
new text end

new text begin (2) in the case of a defective corporate act that involved the establishment of a record
date for notice of or voting at any meeting of shareholders, for written action of shareholders
in lieu of a meeting, or for any other purpose, to the shareholders of valid shares and putative
shares, whether voting or nonvoting, as of the record date for notice of or voting at the
meeting, the record date for written action, or the record date for the other action, as the
case may be, other than holders whose identities or addresses cannot be determined from
the corporation's records.
new text end

new text begin (c) The notice must contain a copy of the resolutions adopted by the board under
subdivision 2 or the information required by subdivision 2, paragraph (a), clauses (1) to (5).
The notice must include a statement that any claim that the defective corporate act or putative
shares ratified under this section is void or voidable due to the failure of authorization, or
that a court should declare in the court's discretion that a ratification in accordance with this
section is not effective or is effective only on certain conditions, must be brought within
120 days from the applicable validation effective time.
new text end

new text begin (d) At the meeting, the quorum and voting requirements that apply to ratification of the
defective corporate act must be the same quorum and voting requirements that apply to the
type of defective corporate act proposed to be ratified at the time of the approval of the
ratification, except that:
new text end

new text begin (1) if the articles or bylaws, a plan or agreement to which the corporation was a party,
or a provision under this chapter in effect as of the time of the defective corporate act requires
a larger number or portion of shares or of any class or series thereof or of specified
shareholders for a quorum to be present or to approve the defective corporate act, the presence
or approval of the larger number or portion of stock or of the class or series thereof or of
the specified shareholders must be required for a quorum to be present or to approve the
ratification of the defective corporate act, as applicable; except that the presence or approval
of shares of any class or series of which no shares are outstanding at the time of the approval
of the ratification, or of any person that is no longer a shareholder at the time of the approval
of the ratification, is not required; and
new text end

new text begin (2) the approval by shareholders of the ratification of a director's election requires the
affirmative vote of a plurality of shares present at the meeting and entitled to vote on the
election of the director in the manner set forth in section 302A.215, except that, if the articles
or bylaws then in effect or in effect at the time of the defective election require or required
a larger number or portion of shares or of any class or series thereof or of specified
shareholders to elect the director, the affirmative vote of the larger number or portion of
shares or of any class or series thereof or of the specified shareholders must be required to
ratify the election of the director; except that the presence or approval of shares of any class
or series of which no shares are outstanding at the time of the approval of the ratification,
or of any person that is no longer a shareholder at the time of the approval of the ratification,
is not required.
new text end

new text begin (e) Putative shares, measured as of the adoption by the board of resolutions under
subdivision 2 and without giving effect to any ratification that becomes effective after the
adoption, are neither entitled to vote nor counted for quorum purposes in a vote to ratify a
defective corporate act.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 6. new text end

new text begin Certificate of validation. new text end

new text begin (a) If a defective corporate act ratified under this
section requires under any other section of this chapter a certificate to be filed with the
secretary of state, and either (1) the certificate requires any change to give effect to the
defective corporate act in accordance with this section, including a change to the date and
time of the effectiveness of the certificate, or (2) a certificate was not previously filed with
respect to the defective corporate act, the corporation must file with the secretary of state
a certificate of validation with respect to the defective corporate act in lieu of filing the
certificate otherwise required by this chapter.
new text end

new text begin (b) A separate certificate of validation is required for each defective corporate act that
requires the filing of a certificate of validation under this section, except that (1) two or
more defective corporate acts may be included in a single certificate of validation if the
corporation filed with the secretary of state, or to comply with this chapter would have filed
with the secretary of state, a single certificate under another provision of this chapter to
effect the acts, and (2) two or more overissues of shares, or of any class or series of shares,
may be included in a single certificate of validation; provided that the increase in the number
of authorized shares, or of each class or series, set forth in the certificate of validation is
effective on the date of the first overissue.
new text end

new text begin (c) The certificate of validation must set forth:
new text end

new text begin (1) that the corporation has ratified one or more defective corporate acts that would have
required filing with the secretary of state of a certificate under this chapter;
new text end

new text begin (2) that each defective corporate act has been ratified in accordance with this section;
and
new text end

new text begin (3) the following information:
new text end

new text begin (i) if a certificate was previously filed with the secretary of state under this chapter with
respect to the defective corporate act and the certificate requires any change to give effect
to the defective corporate act in accordance with this section, including a change to the date
and time of the effectiveness of the certificate, the certificate of validation must set forth:
new text end

new text begin (A) the name, title, and filing date of the certificate previously filed and any certificate
of correction to the certificate previously filed;
new text end

new text begin (B) a statement that a certificate containing all of the information that must be included
under the applicable section or sections of this chapter to give effect to the defective corporate
act is attached as an exhibit to the certificate of validation; and
new text end

new text begin (C) the date and time that the certificate is deemed effective pursuant to this section; or
new text end

new text begin (ii) if a certificate was not previously filed with the secretary of state under this chapter
in respect of the defective corporate act and the defective corporate act ratified pursuant to
this section would have required under any other section of this chapter the filing with the
secretary of state of a certificate, the certificate of validation shall set forth:
new text end

new text begin (A) a statement that a certificate containing all of the information required to be included
under the applicable section or sections of this chapter to give effect to the defective corporate
act is attached as an exhibit to the certificate of validation; and
new text end

new text begin (B) the date and time that the certificate shall be deemed to have become effective
pursuant to this section.
new text end

new text begin (d) A certificate attached to a certificate of validation need not be separately executed
and acknowledged and need not include a statement required by another section under this
chapter that the instrument has been approved and adopted in accordance with the provisions
of the other section under this chapter.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 7. new text end

new text begin Retroactive effect. new text end

new text begin From and after the validation effective time, unless otherwise
determined in an action brought pursuant to section 302A.167, subject to subdivision 5,
paragraph (e):
new text end

new text begin (1) each defective corporate act ratified in accordance with this section is no longer
deemed void or voidable as a result of the failure of authorization described in the resolutions
adopted under subdivision 2, effective retroactively from the time of the defective corporate
act; and
new text end

new text begin (2) each share or fraction of a share of putative shares issued or purportedly issued
pursuant to the defective corporate act is no longer deemed void or voidable, and is deemed
to be an identical outstanding share or fraction of an outstanding share as of the time the
share or fraction of a share was purportedly issued.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 8. new text end

new text begin Postratification notice. new text end

new text begin (a) Except as provided under paragraph (b), with respect
to each defective corporate act ratified by the board under subdivision 2 or subdivision 3,
prompt notice of the ratification must be given to all shareholders of valid shares and putative
shares, whether voting or nonvoting, as of the date the board adopts the resolutions approving
the defective corporate act, or as of a date within 60 days after the date of adoption, as
established by the board. The notice must be sent to the address of the holder as the address
appears or most recently appeared, as appropriate, on the corporation's records. The notice
must be given to the shareholders of valid shares and putative shares, whether voting or
nonvoting, as of the time of the defective corporate act, other than holders whose identities
or addresses cannot be determined from the records of the corporation. The notice must
contain a copy of the resolutions adopted under subdivision 2 or the information specified
under subdivision 2, paragraph (a), clauses (1) to (5), or subdivision 3, clauses (1) to (3),
as applicable, and a statement that any claim that the defective corporate act or putative
shares ratified under this section is void or voidable due to the failure of authorization, or
that a court should declare in the court's discretion that a ratification in accordance with this
section is not effective or is effective only on certain conditions, must be brought within
120 days from the latter of the validation effective time or the time at which the notice
required by this subdivision is given.
new text end

new text begin (b) Notice is not required if notice of the ratification of the defective corporate act is
given in accordance with subdivision 5 and, in the case of a corporation that has a class of
shares listed on a national securities exchange, the notice required by this subdivision and
subdivision 5 may be deemed given if disclosed in a document publicly filed by the
corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to section 13, 14, or
15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, United States Code, title 15,
section 78a, et seq., and rules and regulations promulgated under the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended, or the corresponding provisions of any subsequent United States
securities laws, rules, or regulations.
new text end

new text begin (c) If a defective corporate act has been approved by shareholders acting pursuant to
section 302A.441, the notice required by this subdivision may be included in a notice
required under section 302A.441, subdivision 3. If the notice is given under section
302A.441, the notice must be sent to the shareholders entitled to the notice under section
302A.441, subdivision 3, and to all holders of valid shares and putative shares to whom
notice is required under this subdivision if the defective corporate act had been approved
at a meeting and the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to notice of the
meeting had been the date for determining the shareholders entitled to notice under paragraph
(a) other than any shareholder who approved the written action in lieu of a meeting under
section 302A.441 or any holder of putative shares who otherwise consented thereto in
writing.
new text end

new text begin (d) For purposes of this subdivision and subdivision 5 only, notice to holders of putative
shares, and notice to holders of valid shares and putative shares as of the time of the defective
corporate act, is treated as notice to holders of valid shares for purposes of sections 302A.435
and 302A.441.
new text end

Sec. 13.

new text begin [302A.167] VALIDITY OF DEFECTIVE CORPORATE ACTS AND
SHARES; PROCEEDINGS.
new text end

new text begin Subdivision 1. new text end

new text begin When permitted. new text end

new text begin Subject to subdivision 5, upon application by the
corporation, a successor entity to the corporation, a member of the board, a shareholder or
beneficial owner of valid shares or putative shares, a shareholder or beneficial owner of
valid shares or putative shares as of the time of a defective corporate act ratified pursuant
to section 302A.166, or other person claiming to be substantially and adversely affected by
a ratification pursuant to section 302A.166, a court may:
new text end

new text begin (1) determine the validity and effectiveness of any defective corporate act ratified pursuant
to section 302A.166;
new text end

new text begin (2) determine the validity and effectiveness of the ratification of any defective corporate
act pursuant to section 302A.166;
new text end

new text begin (3) determine the validity and effectiveness of any defective corporate act not ratified
or not ratified effectively pursuant to section 302A.166;
new text end

new text begin (4) determine the validity of any corporate act or transaction and any shares or rights to
purchase; and
new text end

new text begin (5) modify or waive any of the procedures set forth in section 302A.166 to ratify a
defective corporate act.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 2. new text end

new text begin Remedies. new text end

new text begin In connection with an action under this section, a court may:
new text end

new text begin (1) declare that a ratification under section 302A.166 is not effective or is only effective
at a time or upon conditions established by the court;
new text end

new text begin (2) validate and declare effective a defective corporate act or putative shares and impose
conditions upon the court's validation;
new text end

new text begin (3) require measures to remedy or avoid harm to a person substantially and adversely
affected by a ratification under section 302A.166 or from a court order pursuant to this
section, excluding harm that would have resulted if the defective corporate act had been
valid when approved or effectuated;
new text end

new text begin (4) order the secretary of state to accept an instrument for filing with an effective time
specified by the court, which may be before or after the time of the order, provided that the
filing date of the instrument must be determined in accordance with section 302A.011,
subdivision 11;
new text end

new text begin (5) approve a share register for the corporation that includes any shares ratified or
validated in accordance with this section or section 302A.166;
new text end

new text begin (6) declare that putative shares are valid shares or require a corporation to issue and
deliver valid shares in place of any putative shares;
new text end

new text begin (7) order a meeting of holders of valid shares or putative shares and determine the right
and power of persons claiming to hold valid shares or putative shares to vote at the ordered
meeting;
new text end

new text begin (8) declare that a defective corporate act validated by a court is effective as of the time
of the defective corporate act or at another time the court may determine;
new text end

new text begin (9) declare that putative shares validated by a court shall be deemed to be an identical
share or fraction of a valid share as of the time originally issued or purportedly issued or at
such other time as the court may determine; and
new text end

new text begin (10) make other orders regarding matters as the court deems proper under the
circumstances.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 3. new text end

new text begin Service. new text end

new text begin Service of the application under subdivision 1 upon the registered
agent of the corporation is deemed to be service upon the corporation, and no other party
needs to be joined in order for a court to adjudicate the matter. In an action filed by the
corporation, a court may require notice of the action be provided to other persons specified
by the court and permit the other persons to intervene in the action.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 4. new text end

new text begin Considerations. new text end

new text begin In connection with resolving matters pursuant to subdivisions
1 and 2, a court may consider the following:
new text end

new text begin (1) whether the defective corporate act was originally approved or effectuated with the
good faith belief that the approval or effectuation was in compliance with the provisions of
this chapter, the articles, or the bylaws;
new text end

new text begin (2) whether the corporation and board have treated the defective corporate act as a valid
act or transaction and whether a person has acted in reliance on the public record that the
defective corporate act was valid;
new text end

new text begin (3) whether any person may be or was harmed by the ratification or validation of the
defective corporate act, excluding harm that would have resulted if the defective corporate
act had been valid when approved or effectuated;
new text end

new text begin (4) whether any person is harmed by the failure to ratify or validate the defective corporate
act; and
new text end

new text begin (5) any other factors or considerations the court deems just and equitable.
new text end

new text begin Subd. 5. new text end

new text begin Statute of limitations. new text end

new text begin An action asserting that (1) a defective corporate act or
putative shares ratified in accordance with section 302A.166 is void or voidable due to a
failure of authorization identified in the resolution adopted in accordance with section
302A.166, subdivision 2 or 3, or (2) a court should declare in its discretion that a ratification
in accordance with section 302A.166 not be effective or be effective only on certain
conditions, is prohibited from being brought after the expiration of 120 days from the later
of the validation effective time and the time notice, if any, that is required to be given
pursuant to section 302A.166, subdivision 8, is given with respect to the ratification; except
that this subdivision does not apply to an action asserting that a ratification was not
accomplished in accordance with section 302A.166 or to any person to whom notice of the
ratification was required to have been given pursuant to 302A.166, subdivision 5 or 8, but
to whom the notice was not given.
new text end

Sec. 14.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.181, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 4. new text end

new text begin Emergency bylaws. new text end

new text begin (a) Unless the articles provide otherwise, bylaws may
contain provisions that are effective only during an emergency. The emergency bylaws may
contain provisions necessary to manage the corporation during the emergency, including:
new text end

new text begin (1) procedures for calling a meeting of the board;
new text end

new text begin (2) quorum requirements for the meeting;
new text end

new text begin (3) designation of additional or substitute directors; and
new text end

new text begin (4) procedures for the board to determine the duration of an emergency.
new text end

new text begin (b) All provisions of the regular bylaws that are not inconsistent with the emergency
bylaws remain effective during the emergency.
new text end

new text begin (c) Corporate action taken in good faith in accordance with the emergency bylaws binds
the corporation.
new text end

Sec. 15.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.201, subdivision 1, is amended to read:

Subdivision 1.

Board to manage.

The business and affairs of a corporation shall be
managed by or under the direction of a board, subject to the provisions of subdivision 2 and
section 302A.457 new text begin , and except as may be otherwise provided in the articles. If a provision
is made in the articles: (1) the powers and duties conferred or imposed upon the board of
directors by this chapter must be exercised or performed to the extent and by the natural
persons provided in the articles, (2) the directors have no duties, liabilities, or responsibilities
as directors under this chapter with respect to or arising from the exercise or performance
of, or from the failure to exercise or perform, the conferred or imposed powers and duties
by the other persons, and (3) the other persons have all of the duties, liabilities, and
responsibilities of directors under this chapter with respect to and arising from the exercise
or performance of, or the failure to exercise or perform, the conferred or imposed powers
and duties new text end . The members of the first board may be named in the articles or elected by the
incorporators pursuant to section 302A.171 or by the shareholders.

Sec. 16.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.237, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 3. new text end

new text begin Agreements and other instruments; authorization. new text end

new text begin When this chapter requires
the board to approve or to take other action with respect to an agreement, instrument, plan,
or document, the agreement, instrument, plan, or document may be approved by the board
in final form or in substantially final form. If the board acts to approve or take other action
with respect to an agreement, instrument, plan, or document that this chapter requires to be
filed with the secretary of state or referenced in any certificate filed, the board may, at any
time after providing the approval or taking other action and prior to the effectiveness of the
filing with the secretary of state, adopt a resolution ratifying the agreement, instrument,
plan, or document. The ratification under this subdivision is effective as of the time of the
original approval or other action by the board and to satisfy any requirement under this
chapter that the board approve or take other action with respect to the agreement, instrument,
plan, or document in a specific manner or sequence.
new text end

Sec. 17.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.361, is amended to read:

302A.361 STANDARD OF CONDUCT.

new text begin Subdivision 1. new text end

new text begin Standard; liability. new text end

An officer shall discharge the duties of an office in
good faith, in a manner the officer reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the
corporation, and with the care an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would exercise
under similar circumstances. A person who so performs those duties is not liable by reason
of being or having been an officer of the corporation. A person exercising the principal
functions of an office or to whom some or all of the duties and powers of an office are
delegated pursuant to section 302A.351 is deemed an officer for purposes of this section
and sections 302A.467 and 302A.521.

new text begin Subd. 2. new text end

new text begin Liability; elimination or limitation. new text end

new text begin The articles of a corporation may provide
that an officer's personal liability to the shareholders for monetary damages for breach,
during the time the corporation is a publicly held corporation, of fiduciary duty as an officer
may be eliminated or limited. The articles must not eliminate or limit the liability of an
officer:
new text end

new text begin (1) for any breach of the officer's duty of loyalty to the corporation or the corporation's
shareholders;
new text end

new text begin (2) for acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a
knowing violation of law;
new text end

new text begin (3) under section 80A.76;
new text end

new text begin (4) for any transaction from which the officer derived an improper personal benefit;
new text end

new text begin (5) in any action by or in the right of the corporation; or
new text end

new text begin (6) for any act or omission occurring prior to the date when the provision in the articles
eliminating or limiting liability becomes effective.
new text end

Sec. 18.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.461, subdivision 4, is amended to read:

Subd. 4.

Right to inspect.

(a) A shareholder, beneficial owner, or a holder of a voting
trust certificate of a corporation that is not a publicly held corporation has an absolute right,
upon written demand, to examine and copy, in person or by a legal representative, at any
reasonable time, and the corporation shall make available within ten days after receipt by
an officer of the corporation of the written demand:

(1) the share register; and

(2) all documents referred to in subdivision 2.

(b) A shareholder, beneficial owner, or a holder of a voting trust certificate of a
corporation that is not a publicly held corporation has a right, upon written demand, to
examine and copy, in person or by a legal representative, other corporate records at any
reasonable time only if the shareholder, beneficial owner, or holder of a voting trust certificate
demonstrates a proper purpose for the examination.

(c) A shareholder, beneficial owner, or a holder of a voting trust certificate of a publicly
held corporation has, upon written demand stating the purpose and acknowledged or verified
in the manner provided in chapter 358, a right at any reasonable time to examine and copy
the corporation's share register and other corporate records reasonably related to the stated
purpose and described with reasonable particularity in the written demand upon
demonstrating the stated purpose to be a proper purpose. The acknowledged or verified
demand must be directed to the corporation at its registered office in this state or at its
principal place of business.

(d) For purposes of this section, a "proper purpose" is one reasonably related to the
person's interest as a shareholder, beneficial owner, or holder of a voting trust certificate of
the corporation.

new text begin (e) If a corporation or an officer or director of the corporation violates this section, a
court in Minnesota may, in an action brought by a shareholder, beneficial owner, or a holder
of a voting trust certificate of the corporation, specifically enforce this section and award
expenses, including attorney fees and disbursements, to the shareholder, beneficial owner,
or a holder of a voting trust certificate.
new text end

Sec. 19.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.471, subdivision 1, is amended to read:

Subdivision 1.

Actions creating rights.

A shareholder of a corporation may dissent
from, and obtain payment for the fair value of the shareholder's shares in the event of, any
of the following corporate actions:

(a) unless otherwise provided in the articles, an amendment of the articles that materially
and adversely affects the rights or preferences of the shares of the dissenting shareholder
in that it:

(1) alters or abolishes a preferential right of the shares;

(2) creates, alters, or abolishes a right in respect of the redemption of the shares, including
a provision respecting a sinking fund for the redemption or repurchase of the shares;

(3) alters or abolishes a preemptive right of the holder of the shares to acquire shares,
securities other than shares, or rights to purchase shares or securities other than shares;

(4) excludes or limits the right of a shareholder to vote on a matter, or to cumulate votes,
except as the right may be excluded or limited through the authorization or issuance of
securities of an existing or new class or series with similar or different voting rights; except
that an amendment to the articles of an issuing public corporation that provides that section
302A.671 does not apply to a control share acquisition does not give rise to the right to
obtain payment under this section; deleted text begin or
deleted text end

(5) eliminates the right to obtain payment under this subdivision; new text begin or
new text end

new text begin (6) pursuant to section 302A.201, subdivision 1, diminishes or abolishes the board's
right to manage, or to direct the management of, the corporation's business and affairs;
new text end

(b) a sale, lease, transfer, or other disposition of property and assets of the corporation
that requires shareholder approval under section 302A.661, subdivision 2, but not including
a disposition in dissolution described in section 302A.725, subdivision 2, or a disposition
pursuant to an order of a court, or a disposition for cash on terms requiring that all or
substantially all of the net proceeds of disposition be distributed to the shareholders in
accordance with their respective interests within one year after the date of disposition;

(c) a plan of merger, whether under this chapter or under chapter 322C, to which the
corporation is a constituent organization, except as provided in subdivision 3, and except
for a plan of merger adopted under section 302A.626;

(d) a plan of exchange, whether under this chapter or under chapter 322C, to which the
corporation is a party as the corporation whose shares will be acquired by the acquiring
organization, except as provided in subdivision 3;

(e) a plan of conversion is adopted by the corporation and becomes effective;

(f) an amendment of the articles in connection with a combination of a class or series
under section 302A.402 that reduces the number of shares of the class or series owned by
the shareholder to a fraction of a share if the corporation exercises its right to repurchase
the fractional share so created under section 302A.423; or

(g) any other corporate action taken pursuant to a shareholder vote with respect to which
the articles, the bylaws, or a resolution approved by the board directs that dissenting
shareholders may obtain payment for their shares.

Sec. 20.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.471, subdivision 3, is amended to read:

Subd. 3.

Rights not to apply.

(a) Unless the articles, the bylaws, or a resolution approved
by the board otherwise provide, the right to obtain payment under this section does not
apply to a shareholder of (1) the surviving corporation in a merger with respect to shares
of the shareholder that are not entitled to be voted on the merger and are not canceled or
exchanged in the merger or (2) the corporation whose shares will be acquired by the acquiring
organization in a plan of exchange with respect to shares of the shareholder that are not
entitled to be voted on the plan of exchange and are not exchanged in the plan of exchange.

(b) If a date is fixed according to section 302A.445, subdivision 1, for the determination
of shareholders entitled to receive notice of and to vote on an action described in subdivision
1, only shareholders as of the date fixed, and beneficial owners as of the date fixed who
hold through shareholders, as provided in subdivision 2, may exercise dissenters' rights.

(c) Notwithstanding subdivision 1, the right to obtain payment under this section, other
than in connection with a plan of merger adopted under section 302A.613, subdivision 4,
or 302A.621, is limited in accordance with the following provisions:

(1) The right to obtain payment under this section is not available for the holders of
shares of any class or series of shares that is listed on deleted text begin the New York Stock Exchange, NYSE
MKT LLC, the Nasdaq Global Market, the NASDAQ Global Select Market, the Nasdaq
Capital Market, or any successor to any such market deleted text end new text begin any national securities exchange
registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission under Section 6 of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, United States Code, title new text end new text begin 15, section 78a, et seq new text end .

(2) The applicability of clause (1) is determined as of:

(i) the record date fixed to determine the shareholders entitled to receive notice of, and
to vote at, the meeting of shareholders to act upon the corporate action described in
subdivision 1; or

(ii) the day before the effective date of corporate action described in subdivision 1 if
there is no meeting of shareholders.

(3) Clause (1) is not applicable, and the right to obtain payment under this section is
available pursuant to subdivision 1, for the holders of any class or series of shares who are
required by the terms of the corporate action described in subdivision 1 to accept for such
shares anything other than shares, or cash in lieu of fractional shares, of any class or any
series of shares of a domestic or foreign corporation, or any other ownership interest of any
other organization, that satisfies the standards set forth in clause (1) at the time the corporate
action becomes effective.

Sec. 21.

Minnesota Statutes 2024, section 302A.611, is amended by adding a subdivision
to read:

new text begin Subd. 1a. new text end

new text begin Additional remedies; shareholder representatives. new text end

new text begin A plan of merger or
exchange may provide:
new text end

new text begin (1) that: (i) a party to the plan that fails to perform the party's obligations under the plan
in accordance with the terms and conditions of the plan, or that otherwise fails to comply
with the terms and conditions of the plan, in each case required to be performed or complied
with prior to the time the merger or exchange becomes effective, or that otherwise fails to
consummate, or fails to cause the consummation of, the merger or exchange, whether prior
to a specified date, upon satisfaction or, to the extent permitted by law, waiver of all
conditions to consummation set forth in the plan or otherwise, is subject, in addition to any
other remedies available at law or in equity, to penalties or consequences set forth in the
plan of merger or exchange, which may include an obligation to pay to the other party or
parties to the plan an amount representing or based on the loss of any premium or other
economic entitlement the shareholders or holders of rights to purchase of the other party
would be entitled to receive pursuant to the terms of the plan if the merger or exchange
were consummated in accordance with the terms of the plan; and (ii) if, pursuant to the
terms of the plan of merger or exchange, the corporation is entitled to receive payment from
another party to the plan of any amount representing a penalty or consequence, the
corporation is entitled to enforce the other party's payment obligation and upon receipt of
a payment is entitled to retain the amount of the payment received; or
new text end

new text begin (2)(i) for the appointment, at or after the time at which the plan of merger or exchange
is approved by the shareholders of the corporation in accordance with the requirements of
this chapter, of one or more persons, which may include the surviving or resulting
organization or any officer, representative, or agent of the surviving or resulting organization,
as representative of the shareholders or the holders of rights to purchase of the corporation,
including the shareholders and holders whose shares or rights to purchase must be canceled,
converted, or exchanged in the merger or exchange and for the delegation to the person or
persons of the sole and exclusive authority to take action and bring claims on behalf of the
shareholders and the holders pursuant to the plan, including taking actions and bringing
claims, including by entering into settlements, as the representative determines to enforce
the rights of the shareholders and holders under the plan of merger or exchange, on the
terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the plan; (ii) that an appointment is irrevocable
and binding on all shareholders and holders from and after the approval of the plan of merger
or exchange by the requisite vote of shareholders pursuant to this chapter; and (iii) that a
provision adopted pursuant to this clause may not be amended after the merger or exchange
has become effective or may be amended only with the consent or approval of persons
specified in the plan of merger or exchange.
new text end