<div class="xtend"><a id="pl.1.1"></a><var>1.1</var>A resolution<br />
         		<a id="pl.1.2"></a><var>1.2</var>memorializing Congress and the President of the United States, addressing the limits <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.3"></a><var>1.3</var>to the constitutional and statutory authority of the President to federalize and deploy <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.4"></a><var>1.4</var>the Minnesota National Guard in Iraq; declaring that the authority for that deployment <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.5"></a><var>1.5</var>has terminated; requesting actions be taken to terminate federalization and bring troops <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.6"></a><var>1.6</var>back to Minnesota as members of the Minnesota National Guard; and reaffirming that <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.7"></a><var>1.7</var>Minnesota National Guard members be limited to service on behalf of the state of <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.8"></a><var>1.8</var>Minnesota, unless properly and lawfully called into federal service.<br />
         		<a id="pl.1.9"></a><var>1.9</var>WHEREAS, under Article I, Section 8, Clause 15 of the United States Constitution, <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.10"></a><var>1.10</var>Congress may call forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.11"></a><var>1.11</var>repel invasions; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.12"></a><var>1.12</var>WHEREAS, since 1933, federal law has provided that persons enlisting in a state National <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.13"></a><var>1.13</var>Guard unit simultaneously enlist in the National Guard of the United States, a part of the United <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.14"></a><var>1.14</var>States armed forces, where the enlistees retain their status as state guard members unless and <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.15"></a><var>1.15</var>until ordered to active federal duty and then revert to state status upon being relieved from <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.16"></a><var>1.16</var>federal service; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.17"></a><var>1.17</var>WHEREAS, in 1986, Congress passed and the President signed the "Montgomery <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.18"></a><var>1.18</var>Amendment," which provides that a governor cannot withhold consent with regard to active duty <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.19"></a><var>1.19</var>outside the United States because of any objection to the location, purpose, type, or schedule of <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.20"></a><var>1.20</var>such duty; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.21"></a><var>1.21</var>WHEREAS, under the United States Constitution, each state's national guard unit is <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.22"></a><var>1.22</var>controlled by the governor in time of peace, but can be called up for federal duty by the President, <br />
         		<a id="pl.1.23"></a><var>1.23</var>provided that the President is acting pursuant to the Constitution and laws of the United States; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.1"></a><var>2.1</var>WHEREAS, the War Powers Act of 1973 (Public Law 93-148) specifically limits the power <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.2"></a><var>2.2</var>of the President of the United States to wage war without the approval of Congress; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.3"></a><var>2.3</var>WHEREAS, in October 2002, the U.S. Congress authorized military force under the <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.4"></a><var>2.4</var>Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq, Public Law No: 107-243, (AUMF) a law <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.5"></a><var>2.5</var>enacted in response to a presidential request under the War Powers Act, which states in part that:<br />
         		<a id="pl.2.6"></a><var>2.6</var>The President is authorized to use the armed forces of the United States as he determines <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.7"></a><var>2.7</var>to be necessary and appropriate in order to:<br />
         		<a id="pl.2.8"></a><var>2.8</var>(1) defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.9"></a><var>2.9</var>Iraq; and<br />
         		<a id="pl.2.10"></a><var>2.10</var>(2) enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.11"></a><var>2.11</var>WHEREAS, the AUMF contained neither a termination date nor a process or procedure to <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.12"></a><var>2.12</var>determine when the authorization should terminate; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.13"></a><var>2.13</var>WHEREAS, U.S. forces, including members of the Minnesota National Guard and guard <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.14"></a><var>2.14</var>members from other states, have long since addressed the purposes recited under the AUMF, and <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.15"></a><var>2.15</var>Iraq does not pose a continuing threat to the national security of the United States, nor is there an <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.16"></a><var>2.16</var>extant United Nations Security Council Resolution to be implemented; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.17"></a><var>2.17</var>WHEREAS, the President may not maintain U.S. forces, and in particular members of the <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.18"></a><var>2.18</var>Minnesota National Guard, in Iraq other than for the purposes set forth by Congress in the AUMF. <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.19"></a><var>2.19</var>Without a specific date for withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq in the AUMF or a method or <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.20"></a><var>2.20</var>formula for determining the time for withdrawal, and in the absence of congressional legislation <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.21"></a><var>2.21</var>curing these omissions, the President is required to order the withdrawal of troops within a <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.22"></a><var>2.22</var>reasonable time and in a reasonable manner.  The President has taken no such action; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.23"></a><var>2.23</var>WHEREAS, other than the AUMF, there is no authority under the Constitution or the laws <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.24"></a><var>2.24</var>of the United States for the continued presence of Minnesota National Guard members in Iraq; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.25"></a><var>2.25</var>WHEREAS, the maintenance of Minnesota National Guard members in Iraq beyond the <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.26"></a><var>2.26</var>time and scope set forth in the AUMF has resulted in significant harm to Guard members and <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.27"></a><var>2.27</var>their families, including death and injury, loss of time together, and financial hardship; and <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.28"></a><var>2.28</var>WHEREAS, the Minnesota Legislature finds that Congress should revisit the 1986 <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.29"></a><var>2.29</var>Montgomery Amendment and adopt legislation that restores the powers of the governors of the <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.30"></a><var>2.30</var>several states to withhold consent to federalization of their National Guards, except where a <br />
         		<a id="pl.2.31"></a><var>2.31</var>declaration of war has been adopted or where the United States faces attack or invasion, and the <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.1"></a><var>3.1</var>President has invoked  powers authorized by an act of Congress to address those circumstances; <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.2"></a><var>3.2</var>NOW, THEREFORE, <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.3"></a><var>3.3</var>BE IT RESOLVED by the Legislature of the State of Minnesota that the Authorization for <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.4"></a><var>3.4</var>the Use of Military Force of October 16, 2002 having expired, the Legislature declares that all <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.5"></a><var>3.5</var>members of the Minnesota National Guard should be promptly and expeditiously withdrawn from <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.6"></a><var>3.6</var>Iraq, subject only to conditions of time and manner specifically required to assure their safety <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.7"></a><var>3.7</var>and well-being during removal operations; and<br />
         		<a id="pl.3.8"></a><var>3.8</var>BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Legislature of the State of Minnesota calls on <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.9"></a><var>3.9</var>the Governor of Minnesota to take prompt steps as the Commander-in-Chief of the Minnesota <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.10"></a><var>3.10</var>National Guard to effectuate these purposes; and<br />
         		<a id="pl.3.11"></a><var>3.11</var>BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Legislature of the State of Minnesota reaffirms that <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.12"></a><var>3.12</var>the Minnesota National Guard shall be limited to service on behalf of the State of Minnesota, <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.13"></a><var>3.13</var>unless called into federal service pursuant to a declaration of war or a duly enacted federal statute <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.14"></a><var>3.14</var>authorizing the use of military force; and<br />
         		<a id="pl.3.15"></a><var>3.15</var>BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the attorney general of the State of Minnesota is <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.16"></a><var>3.16</var>authorized to appear in any state or federal court with jurisdiction over the deployment of the <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.17"></a><var>3.17</var>Minnesota National Guard to defend any decision of the governor and adjutant general with <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.18"></a><var>3.18</var>respect to their decision to deploy or not deploy the guard; and<br />
         		<a id="pl.3.19"></a><var>3.19</var>BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that no member of the Minnesota National Guard shall <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.20"></a><var>3.20</var>decline, while serving in the U.S. armed forces, to follow military orders; and<br />
         		<a id="pl.3.21"></a><var>3.21</var>BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Secretary of State of the State of Minnesota shall <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.22"></a><var>3.22</var>transmit copies of this memorial to the President of the United States, the Speaker and the Clerk <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.23"></a><var>3.23</var>of the United States House of Representatives, the President and the Secretary of the United <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.24"></a><var>3.24</var>States Senate, the United States Secretary of State, the presiding officers of both houses of the <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.25"></a><var>3.25</var>Legislature of each of the other states of the Union, to Minnesota's Senators and Representatives <br />
         		<a id="pl.3.26"></a><var>3.26</var>in Congress, and to the Governor of the state of Minnesota.<br />
         		
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