1.1                          A bill for an act
  1.2             relating to real property; creating the Private 
  1.3             Property Rights Protection Act; providing legislative 
  1.4             intent; providing remedies for real property owners 
  1.5             whose property has been inordinately burdened by 
  1.6             governmental action; providing requirements for a 
  1.7             property owner who seeks compensation; requiring the 
  1.8             governmental entity to provide notice of the claim; 
  1.9             authorizing certain settlement offers; requiring that 
  1.10            the governmental entity and property owner file a 
  1.11            court action if a settlement agreement contravenes the 
  1.12            application of state law; providing for judicial 
  1.13            review, notwithstanding the availability of 
  1.14            administrative remedies; authorizing the property 
  1.15            owner to file a claim of compensation upon rejection 
  1.16            of a settlement offer; requiring the court to 
  1.17            determine the percentage of responsibility for an 
  1.18            inordinate burden imposed by multiple governmental 
  1.19            entities; providing for a jury to determine the amount 
  1.20            of compensation to the property owner; providing for 
  1.21            costs and attorney fees; providing that the right for 
  1.22            which compensation is paid is a transferable 
  1.23            development right; proposing coding for new law as 
  1.24            Minnesota Statutes, chapter 500A. 
  1.25  BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF MINNESOTA: 
  1.26     Section 1.  [500A.01] [CITE, INTENT, DEFINITIONS.] 
  1.27     (a) This act may be cited as the "Private Property Rights 
  1.28  Protection Act."  The legislature recognizes that some laws, 
  1.29  regulations, and ordinances of the state and political entities 
  1.30  in the state, as applied, may inordinately burden, restrict, or 
  1.31  limit private property rights without amounting to a taking 
  1.32  under the state Constitution or the United States Constitution.  
  1.33  The legislature determines that there is an important state 
  1.34  interest in protecting the interests of private property owners 
  1.35  from such inordinate burdens.  Therefore, it is the intent of 
  2.1   the legislature that, as a separate and distinct cause of action 
  2.2   from the law of takings, the legislature herein provides for 
  2.3   relief, or payment of compensation, when a new law, rule, 
  2.4   regulation, land use plan or ordinance of the state or a 
  2.5   political entity in the state, as applied, unfairly affects real 
  2.6   property. 
  2.7      (b) When a specific action of a governmental entity has 
  2.8   inordinately burdened an existing use of real property or a 
  2.9   vested right to a specific use of real property, the property 
  2.10  owner of that real property is entitled to relief, which may 
  2.11  include compensation for the actual loss to the fair market 
  2.12  value of the real property caused by the action of government, 
  2.13  as provided in this section. 
  2.14     (c) For purposes of this section: 
  2.15     (1) A vested right means a right to be determined by 
  2.16  applying the principles of equitable estoppel or substantive due 
  2.17  process under the common law or by applying the statutory law of 
  2.18  this state. 
  2.19     (2) "Existing use" means an actual, present use or activity 
  2.20  on the real property, including periods of inactivity which are 
  2.21  normally associated with, or are incidental to, the nature or 
  2.22  type of use or activity or such reasonably foreseeable, 
  2.23  nonspeculative land uses which are suitable for the subject real 
  2.24  property and compatible with adjacent land uses and which have 
  2.25  created an existing fair market value in the property greater 
  2.26  than the fair market value of the actual, present use or 
  2.27  activity on the real property. 
  2.28     (3) "Governmental entity" includes an agency of the state, 
  2.29  a regional or a local government created by the State 
  2.30  Constitution or by general or special act, any county or 
  2.31  municipality, or any other entity that independently exercises 
  2.32  governmental authority. 
  2.33     (4) "Action of a governmental entity" means a specific 
  2.34  action of a governmental entity which affects real property, 
  2.35  including action on an application or permit. 
  2.36     (5) "Inordinate burden" or "inordinately burdened" means 
  3.1   that an action of one or more governmental entities has directly 
  3.2   restricted or limited the use of real property such that the 
  3.3   property owner is permanently unable to attain the reasonable, 
  3.4   investment-backed expectation for the existing use of the real 
  3.5   property or a vested right to a specific use of the real 
  3.6   property with respect to the real property as a whole, or that 
  3.7   the property owner is left with existing or vested uses that are 
  3.8   unreasonable such that the property owner bears permanently a 
  3.9   disproportionate share of a burden imposed for the good of the 
  3.10  public, which in fairness should be borne by the public at 
  3.11  large.  The terms inordinate burden or inordinately burdened do 
  3.12  not include temporary impacts to real property; impacts to real 
  3.13  property occasioned by governmental abatement, prohibition, 
  3.14  prevention, or remediation of a public nuisance at common law or 
  3.15  a noxious use of private property; or impacts to real property 
  3.16  caused by an action of a governmental entity taken to grant 
  3.17  relief to a property owner under this section. 
  3.18     (6) "Property owner" means the person who holds legal title 
  3.19  to the real property at issue.  The term does not include a 
  3.20  governmental entity. 
  3.21     (7) "Real property" means land and includes any 
  3.22  appurtenances and improvements to the land, including any other 
  3.23  relevant real property in which the property owner had a 
  3.24  relevant interest. 
  3.25     Sec. 2.  [500A.02] [PROCEDURE.] 
  3.26     (a) Not less than 180 days prior to filing an action under 
  3.27  this section against a governmental entity, a property owner who 
  3.28  seeks compensation under this section must present the claim in 
  3.29  writing to the head of the governmental entity.  The property 
  3.30  owner must submit, along with the claim, a bona fide, valid 
  3.31  appraisal that supports the claim and demonstrates the loss in 
  3.32  fair market value to the real property.  If the action of 
  3.33  government is the culmination of a process that involves more 
  3.34  than one governmental entity, or if a complete resolution of all 
  3.35  relevant issues, in the view of the property owner or in the 
  3.36  view of a governmental entity to whom a claim is presented, 
  4.1   requires the active participation of more than one governmental 
  4.2   entity, the property owner shall present the claim as provided 
  4.3   in this section to each of the governmental entities. 
  4.4      (b) The governmental entity shall provide written notice of 
  4.5   the claim to all parties to any administrative action that gave 
  4.6   rise to the claim, and to owners of real property contiguous to 
  4.7   the owner's property at the addresses listed on the most recent 
  4.8   county tax rolls.  Within 15 days after the claim being 
  4.9   presented, the governmental entity shall report the claim in 
  4.10  writing to the department of legal affairs, and shall provide 
  4.11  the department with the name, address, and telephone number of 
  4.12  the employee of the governmental entity from whom additional 
  4.13  information may be obtained about the claim during the pendency 
  4.14  of the claim and any subsequent judicial action. 
  4.15     (c) During the 180-day-notice period, unless extended by 
  4.16  agreement of the parties, the governmental entity shall make a 
  4.17  written settlement offer to effect: 
  4.18     (1) an adjustment of land development or permit standards 
  4.19  or other provisions controlling the development or use of land; 
  4.20     (2) increases or modifications in the density, intensity, 
  4.21  or use of areas of development; 
  4.22     (3) the transfer of developmental rights; 
  4.23     (4) land swaps or exchanges; 
  4.24     (5) mitigation, including payments in lieu of onsite 
  4.25  mitigation; 
  4.26     (6) location on the least sensitive portion of the 
  4.27  property; 
  4.28     (7) conditioning the amount of development or use 
  4.29  permitted; 
  4.30     (8) a requirement that issues be addressed on a more 
  4.31  comprehensive basis than a single proposed use or development; 
  4.32     (9) issuance of the development order, a variance, special 
  4.33  exception, or other extraordinary relief; 
  4.34     (10) purchase of the real property, or an interest therein, 
  4.35  by an appropriate governmental entity; and 
  4.36     (11) no changes to the action of the governmental entity. 
  5.1      (d) If the property owner accepts the settlement offer, the 
  5.2   governmental entity may implement the settlement offer by 
  5.3   appropriate development agreement; by issuing a variance, 
  5.4   special exception, or other extraordinary relief; or by other 
  5.5   appropriate method, subject to paragraph (e). 
  5.6      (e) Whenever a governmental entity enters into a settlement 
  5.7   agreement under this section which would have the effect of a 
  5.8   modification, variance, or a special exception to the 
  5.9   application of a rule, regulation, or ordinance as it would 
  5.10  otherwise apply to the subject real property, the relief granted 
  5.11  shall protect the public interest served by the regulations at 
  5.12  issue and be the appropriate relief necessary to prevent the 
  5.13  governmental regulatory effort from inordinately burdening the 
  5.14  real property. 
  5.15     (f) Whenever a governmental entity enters into a settlement 
  5.16  agreement under this section which would have the effect of 
  5.17  contravening the application of a statute as it would otherwise 
  5.18  apply to the subject real property, the governmental entity and 
  5.19  the property owner shall jointly file an action in the district 
  5.20  court where the real property is located for approval of the 
  5.21  settlement agreement by the court to ensure that the relief 
  5.22  granted protects the public interest served by the statute at 
  5.23  issue and is the appropriate relief necessary to prevent the 
  5.24  governmental regulatory effort from inordinately burdening the 
  5.25  real property. 
  5.26     (g) During the 180-day-notice period, unless a settlement 
  5.27  offer is accepted by the property owner, each of the 
  5.28  governmental entities provided notice pursuant to paragraph (a) 
  5.29  shall issue a written ripeness decision identifying the 
  5.30  allowable uses to which the subject property may be put.  The 
  5.31  failure of the governmental entity to issue a written ripeness 
  5.32  decision during the 180-day-notice period shall be deemed to 
  5.33  ripen the prior action of the governmental entity, and shall 
  5.34  operate as a ripeness decision that has been rejected by the 
  5.35  property owner.  The ripeness decision, as a matter of law, 
  5.36  constitutes the last prerequisite to judicial review, and the 
  6.1   matter shall be deemed ripe or final for the purposes of the 
  6.2   judicial proceeding created by this section, notwithstanding the 
  6.3   availability of other administrative remedies. 
  6.4      (h) If the property owner rejects the settlement offer and 
  6.5   the ripeness decision of the governmental entity or entities, 
  6.6   the property owner may file a claim for compensation in the 
  6.7   district court, a copy of which shall be served 
  6.8   contemporaneously on the head of each of the governmental 
  6.9   entities that made a settlement offer and a ripeness decision 
  6.10  that was rejected by the property owner.  Actions under this 
  6.11  section shall be brought only in the county where the real 
  6.12  property is located. 
  6.13     (i) The district court shall determine whether an existing 
  6.14  use of the real property or a vested right to a specific use of 
  6.15  the real property existed and, if so, whether, considering the 
  6.16  settlement offer and ripeness decision, the governmental entity 
  6.17  or entities have inordinately burdened the real property.  If 
  6.18  the actions of more than one governmental entity, considering 
  6.19  any settlement offers and ripeness decisions, are responsible 
  6.20  for the action that imposed the inordinate burden on the real 
  6.21  property of the property owner, the court shall determine the 
  6.22  percentage of responsibility each such governmental entity bears 
  6.23  with respect to the inordinate burden.  A governmental entity 
  6.24  may take an interlocutory appeal of the court's determination 
  6.25  that the action of the governmental entity has resulted in an 
  6.26  inordinate burden.  An interlocutory appeal does not 
  6.27  automatically stay the proceedings; however, the court may stay 
  6.28  the proceedings during the pendency of the interlocutory 
  6.29  appeal.  If the governmental entity does not prevail in the 
  6.30  interlocutory appeal, the court shall award to the prevailing 
  6.31  property owner the costs and a reasonable attorney fee incurred 
  6.32  by the property owner in the interlocutory appeal. 
  6.33     (j) Following its determination of the percentage of 
  6.34  responsibility of each governmental entity, and following the 
  6.35  resolution of any interlocutory appeal, the court shall impanel 
  6.36  a jury to determine the total amount of compensation to the 
  7.1   property owner for the loss in value due to the inordinate 
  7.2   burden to the real property.  The award of compensation shall be 
  7.3   determined by calculating the difference in the fair market 
  7.4   value of the real property, as it existed at the time of the 
  7.5   governmental action at issue, as though the owner had the 
  7.6   ability to attain the reasonable investment-backed expectation 
  7.7   or was not left with uses that are unreasonable, whichever the 
  7.8   case may be, and the fair market value of the real property, as 
  7.9   it existed at the time of the governmental action at issue, as 
  7.10  inordinately burdened, considering the settlement offer together 
  7.11  with the ripeness decision, of the governmental entity or 
  7.12  entities.  The market value shall be established by fully 
  7.13  accredited commercial appraisers.  The award of compensation 
  7.14  shall include a reasonable award of prejudgment interest from 
  7.15  the date the claim was presented to the governmental entity or 
  7.16  entities as provided in paragraphs (a) to (f). 
  7.17     (k) In any action filed pursuant to this section, the 
  7.18  property owner is entitled to recover reasonable costs and 
  7.19  attorney fees incurred by the property owner, from the 
  7.20  governmental entity or entities, according to their 
  7.21  proportionate share as determined by the court, from the date of 
  7.22  the filing of the district court action, if the property owner 
  7.23  prevails in the action and the court determines that the 
  7.24  settlement offer, including the ripeness decision, of the 
  7.25  governmental entity or entities did not constitute a bona fide 
  7.26  offer to the property owner which reasonably would have resolved 
  7.27  the claim, based upon the knowledge available to the 
  7.28  governmental entity or entities and the property owner during 
  7.29  the 180-day-notice period. 
  7.30     (l) In any action filed pursuant to this section, the 
  7.31  governmental entity or entities are entitled to recover 
  7.32  reasonable costs and attorney fees incurred by the governmental 
  7.33  entity or entities from the date of the filing of the district 
  7.34  court action, if the governmental entity or entities prevail in 
  7.35  the action and the court determines that the property owner did 
  7.36  not accept a bona fide settlement offer, including the ripeness 
  8.1   decision, which reasonably would have resolved the claim fairly 
  8.2   to the property owner if the settlement offer had been accepted 
  8.3   by the property owner, based upon the knowledge available to the 
  8.4   governmental entity or entities and the property owner during 
  8.5   the 180-day-notice period. 
  8.6      (m) The determination of total reasonable costs and 
  8.7   attorney fees pursuant to this paragraph shall be made by the 
  8.8   court and not by the jury.  Any proposed settlement offer or any 
  8.9   proposed ripeness decision, except for the final written 
  8.10  settlement offer or the final written ripeness decision, and any 
  8.11  negotiations or rejections in regard to the formulation either 
  8.12  of the settlement offer or the ripeness decision, are 
  8.13  inadmissible in the subsequent proceeding established by this 
  8.14  section except for the purposes of the determination pursuant to 
  8.15  this paragraph. 
  8.16     (n) Within 15 days after the execution of any settlement 
  8.17  pursuant to this section, or the issuance of any judgment 
  8.18  pursuant to this section, the governmental entity shall provide 
  8.19  a copy of the settlement or judgment to the attorney general. 
  8.20     (o) The district court may enter any orders necessary to 
  8.21  effectuate the purposes of this section and to make final 
  8.22  determinations to effectuate relief available under this section.
  8.23     (p) An award or payment of compensation pursuant to this 
  8.24  section shall operate to grant to and vest in any governmental 
  8.25  entity by whom compensation is paid the right, title, and 
  8.26  interest in rights of use for which the compensation has been 
  8.27  paid, which rights may become transferable development rights to 
  8.28  be held, sold, or otherwise disposed of by the governmental 
  8.29  entity.  When there is an award of compensation, the court shall 
  8.30  determine the form and the recipient of the right, title, and 
  8.31  interest, as well as the terms of their acquisition. 
  8.32     (q) This section does not supplant methods agreed to by the 
  8.33  parties and lawfully available for arbitration, mediation, or 
  8.34  other forms of alternative dispute resolution, and governmental 
  8.35  entities are encouraged to utilize such methods to augment or 
  8.36  facilitate the processes and actions contemplated by this 
  9.1   section. 
  9.2      (r) This section provides a cause of action for 
  9.3   governmental actions that may not rise to the level of a taking 
  9.4   under the state Constitution or the United States Constitution.  
  9.5   This section may not necessarily be construed under the case law 
  9.6   regarding takings if the governmental action does not rise to 
  9.7   the level of a taking.  The provisions of this section are 
  9.8   cumulative, and do not abrogate any other remedy lawfully 
  9.9   available, including any remedy lawfully available for 
  9.10  governmental actions that rise to the level of a taking.  
  9.11  However, a governmental entity shall not be liable for 
  9.12  compensation for an action of a governmental entity applicable 
  9.13  to, or for the loss in value to, a subject real property more 
  9.14  than once. 
  9.15     (s) Actions must be brought within six years from the time 
  9.16  the owner discovers that the application of a law or regulation 
  9.17  affects the property or the state seeks to enforce application 
  9.18  of the law or regulation to the property by formal written 
  9.19  notice.  If an owner seeks relief from the governmental action 
  9.20  through lawfully available administrative or judicial 
  9.21  proceedings, the time for bringing an action under this section 
  9.22  is tolled until the conclusion of such proceedings. 
  9.23     (t) The act applies not only to new regulatory programs but 
  9.24  also to the application of regulatory programs in effect at the 
  9.25  time of this act, including, but not limited to, land use law or 
  9.26  zoning laws and regulations to the owner's property. 
  9.27     (u) This section does not affect the sovereign immunity of 
  9.28  government.